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A M Giyevskiy, V I Orobinsky, A P Tarasenko, A V Chernyshov and
D O Kurilov
Voronezh State Agricultural University named after Emperor Peter the Great, 1,
Mitchurina Av., Voronezh, 394087, Russia
E-mail: aleksej.gievskij@mail.ru
Substantiation of basic scheme of grain cleaning machine for preparation of agricultural crops seeds
1 Overview
Grain is an essential food in people's daily life, and a small amount of grain can be cleaned manually. But if the demand for grain is large, artificial cleaning will seem a bit short of supply, and, in today's mass use of pesticides, In the age of all kinds of chemical preservatives and preservatives, and all kinds of growth hormone, every family was completely in a state of resistance, passively accepted, in the process of being poisoned by pesticides and other chemicals every day. If all kinds of cancer and cardiovascular diseases are related to long-term intake of excessive amounts of pesticides and chemicals, now that food cleaners are available, it is possible to make every possession Her family has an advanced means of protection, in this life can eat a lot of pesticides and chemicals, can get a lot of diseases, people's life only the health of life is priceless, so, The design of grain cleaning machinery is urgent. This paper mainly introduces some typical grain cleaning machines, and some achievements and future development in the field of food cleaning in China. Then according to the characteristics of these machinery to draw a conclusion of today's cleaning machinery, to find out the common and inadequate, so as to make a new machinery according to these commonalities and deficiencies, through this paper can also understand the structure of various grain cleaning machinery. And parameters, for future research will be very helpful.
With the deepening of China's economic system reform and the development of economy, people's living standard is improving day by day, life rhythm is quickening, people can't satisfy the single form of fresh food, and they urgently need rich nutrition, economic benefit, sanitation and safety. Rich flavor, convenient and practical, refined decoration of all kinds of food processing series of food. Food and fruit is an important part of human balanced diet. It is rich in multivitamins and minerals, dietary fiber and carbohydrates. Experts predict that food processing series in the 21st century will be an important development direction for grain products in the future and an effective way to solve the contradiction between light and prosperous grain. [ 2. L Epidemiological study shows that increasing the intake of food fruits can reduce the risk of cancer. A Harvard University study has shown that increasing food intake, especially dark green leafy vegetables, increases the concentration of folic acid in the blood, thus reducing the risk of colorectal cancer [3]. In recent years, the quantity of grain processing products is increasing day by day, which needs to have its corresponding production equipment. Any grain must be cleaned before it is processed, because the surface of the grain is generally covered with soil, sand and dirt, especially the surface of the grain of root rice grain with more soil, and must be washed very clean before it can be further processed. Although the current food cleaning equipment in China There are, of course, some, but not many of them are used for the cleaning of grain grains in root rice, and in addition to the limitations of various kinds of equipment, even fewer are used in actual production. Most grain processing plants use manual cleaning, with poor working conditions and heavy labour intensity. The degree of mechanization is very low [4]. Of the two kinds of food cleaning technologies available in the existing grain cleaners, vibrating spray and drum cleaning, water cleaning and bubble cleaning have become the most common methods, but in terms of production and technology development, There is still a big gap between our own production equipment and foreign advanced equipment, and the research on related theories is far from enough [5].
2 typical grain cleaning machine in china
2.1 Drum type rice grain cleaning machine
Imin Miao, Shen Weiqiang, Li Zhongxin designed the 6GX-800 type roller type rice grain cleaning machine, which is mainly composed of sieve drum, transmission device, spray device, frame, water tank, motor, inlet and outlet hopper, etc. The cleaning drum with spiral plate and brush is adopted, and the drive adopts worm gear and worm transmission form. It has the characteristics of steady starting, reliable work and high efficiency. It is suitable for cleaning and processing of red date, dried apricot, raisin and other rice grains. This machine has the advantages of reliable use, low failure rate, good cleaning effect and water saving circulation. It is an ideal supporting machine for rice granulation processing enterprises [6]. Design by Li Zhongxin, Yang Jun, Han Xiaojun, Hong Ying and others 6YX-800 type high pressure spray cleaning machine for rice grains, such as raisins, apricots, jujube, wolfberry, etc. The machine has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation and strong reliability. It is especially suitable for medium and small grain processing enterprises and individual fruit growers. Zhang Zhuolin and others have designed and developed a XDJ-A series bean cleaning machine. Its working principle is that beans fall into a washing tank and move along the baffle from one end to the other under the action of two propellers and water. Dirt is removed by erosion of water and friction between beans. There is a screen at the bottom of the tank, which allows sediment to sink through the screen into the bottom of the sink for immediate discharge Drop. Wash the beans through the discharge pump into the separator, water and beans are discharged separately, recycled water. The upper flume has an overflow, an empty shell floating on the water, weeds and the like. The trial results are very good [8]. Jiang Zhen, Peng Sanhe designed a kind of grain cleaning machine, which is mainly composed of scour water system, transmission system, electric control system, hopper, roller, frame, roller, brush and so on. Due to the use of soaking, washing, spray cleaning technology, so the cleaning effect of materials is very ideal, from the test conditions, potatoes, carrots, ginger, red dates, apples, oranges and so on are very clean People are satisfied. However, the machine has some limitations, not suitable for leaf vegetables grain, because the leaf vegetables in the drum will be brushed by the hair [9].
To sum up, the cleaning effect of grain depends on the factors such as the cleaning time, the mode of mechanical force, the pH value of washing water, the hardness and mineral content, and so on. The addition of surface active substances can greatly improve the cleaning effect. When choosing cleaning technology, how to improve the cleaning effect and meet the operational requirements should be considered to avoid mechanical damage of grain raw materials.
2.2 Ultrasonic ozone combined food cleaner
The ultrasonic ozone combined cleaning machine is mainly composed of a cleaning tank, an ultrasonic system, an ozone system, an inlet and outlet water system, a control system, a cabinet and so on, as shown in figure 1. The waterproof board divides the cabinet into two chambers. The waterproof electrical components (including control system, ozone generator, ultrasonic generator) are required to be located in the same box room separated from the cleaning tank. 10 ultrasonic transducers are glued at the bottom of the cleaning tank. And connected with ultrasonic generator through electric wire; The four ozone distributors are respectively arranged at the bottom four corners of the side wall of the cleaning tank, which are connected with the ozone generator through the ozone pipe, and the two nozzles are staggered on the side wall of the cleaning tank. The water spray is controlled by two influent electromagnetic pavilions respectively; the drainage port is arranged at the bottom of the cleaning tank, and the drainage is controlled by the effluent solenoid valve; the side wall of the cleaning trough is also provided with an overflow port, which is directly connected with the effluent; The high and low water level sensors are set at different heights of the side wall of the cleaning tank for monitoring the water level and providing decision signals for the control system.
1. Control system 2. Ozone trachea. Ozone generator 4. Ultrasonic generator 5. Isolation plate 6. Influent solenoid valve 7. Influent solenoid valve 8. Outlet solenoid valve 9. Water pipe 10. Ultrasonic transducer 11. Cabinet 12. Ozone distributor 13. Overflow outlet 14. Spray head 15. Cleaning tank 16. Sprinkler head 17. High water level sensor 18. Low water level sensor 19. Table surface
Fig. 1 structure diagram of ultrasonic ozone combined cleaning machine
2.3 Spray-brush fruit cleaner
Fruit cleaning machine consists of feed hopper, cleaning tank, sedimentation tank, brush, water spray head, water pump, discharge bucket and frame. The three brush rollers are distributed in the shape of "product", the brush is wound into a spiral shape on the roller shaft, the work room of the brush roller and the discharge bucket is separated by the isolating plate to form two relatively independent spaces, and the lower part of the isolation plate is provided with a flow passage and a filter screen is installed. A small hole is arranged on the isolation board, and the nozzle is arranged directly above the discharge bucket. See figure 2 for the spray-brush fruit cleaner.
1. Organism 2. Filter screen 3. Lower brush roller 4. Fruit 5. Upper brush roller 6. Feed hopper 7. Isolation board 8. Water spray head 9. Discharge bucket 10. Fruit exports. Surface line 12. Settling box 13. Cleaning Pool 14. Cleaning tank
Fig. 2 Spray-brush fruit cleaning machine
working principle
When working, the next three rollers rotate in the same phase or opposite phase at the same time, and the next two rollers drive the water body to form eddy current and circulate through the filter net between the clear water pool 1 and the clear water pond 2; The fruit enters the cleaning pool 1 from the feed hopper 6 and falls directly on the next two brush rollers; Under the combined action of the spiral brush and the current, the fruit moves forward in sequence and rotates around its axis to clean the filth around the fruit. When the fruit passes from the cleaning pool 1 through the isolating plate 6 to the cleaning pool 2, the fruit is picked up directly by the discharge bucket 9, and the fruit is gradually separated from the water body with the clockwise movement of the bucket; when the fruit moves to the water spray head Below 8, the fruit is washed again with high pressure water, and the fruit is sent out from outlet 10.
2.4 Research and Development of New Ultrasonic cleaning equipment for Grain
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment consists of three parts: ultrasonic generator, ultrasonic transducer and cleaning tank. Its structure is shown in figure 3. The ultrasonic generator converts the electric power to ultrasonic frequency and feeds it to the ultrasonic transducer. The ultrasonic transducer converts the high-frequency electric oscillation signal into mechanical vibration of the same frequency and radiates the ultrasonic wave into the cleaning liquid by cleaning the bottom plate of the tank. A cleaning tank is a container used to hold cleaning fluids and things to be cleaned. Generally, the cleaning object is placed in the special mesh frame or the special support and suspended in the cleaning liquid, so as to avoid the cleaning matter directly pressing on the bottom plate of the cleaning tank. Cleaning tanks are generally corrosion resistant and sound-permeable rust Made of steel. Ultrasonic transducers are usually glued directly to the bottom of the cleaning tank or to the wall of the cleaning tank according to the cleaning requirements. According to different cleaning requirements, heating and temperature control units, as well as additional equipment such as condensation, distillation recovery and circulating filtration, can be installed on the cleaning tank.
1. Cleaning liquid 2. Cleaning tank 3. Supernatural transducer 4. Housing 5. The ultrasonic generator
Fig. 3 schematic diagram of ultrasonic cleaning equipment
Analysis on the development of grain cleaning machinery
3.1 Analysis on the Development of Grain cleaning machines at Home and abroad
At present, most of China to ionize ozone to wash food. Grain cleaning machine is a cleaning machine with ozone generator installed at the bottom. It is mainly used to clean grain and fruit.
The principle is to supply electricity to the ozone generator when the vegetable washing machine is working, and the ozone generator produces ozone, which is transported by the ozone pump through the ozone tube to the washing drum of the vegetable washer. In the washing drum, contact with the water machine and dissolve in the water to form ozone water. Has the very strong sterilization, the disinfection, the degradation pesticide function.
Ozone action: 1, decomposition of pesticides and hormones and toxins: ozone has a very strong oxidation, rapid oxidation of pesticides and hormones molecular chain, so that pesticides and hormones into stable inorganic compounds; Sterilization: ozone has a strong penetrability of the single atom, the rapid oxidation of bacteria and virus cell walls, the formation of inorganic compounds, germicidal, disinfection purposes; (2) Separation of heavy metal ions: oxygen atoms in ozone can oxidize heavy metal ions dissolved in water into non-toxic compounds which are insoluble in water and precipitate them; 3, preservation, deodorization: food washed with ozone water, or blown with ozone gas Grain, can prolong the preservation period 2-3 times, ozone gas can remove the toilet smell, except the kitchen fishy smell, rice mildew smell.
Because of the complexity, the cost is higher, and now it is not very popular at home, and foreign research is much later than the developed countries.
3.2 problems in domestic grain cleaning machines
Pesticide residues on grain have caused great harm to people's health and are the chief culprits of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Especially in recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards, health awareness is becoming stronger and stronger. The source also paid more and more attention to food safety and hygiene, so people chose to use a grain cleaner. However, the aeration head of the grain cleaning machine fell off, and the gas produced by the grain cleaning machine became diffuse after the gas pipe fell out. It makes people feel uncomfortable. We use experiments to see if food cleaners are harmful to our bodies.
I. Research process
(1) measuring the volume of gas produced by low power grain cleaning machine in unit time.
(2) the visual colorimetry is used to detect the nitrogen dioxide in the gas produced by the machine.
(3) the change of nitrogen oxide content and oxygen content in water.
(4) observe the effect of the gas produced by the grain washing machine on the plant.
(5) six experiments were carried out to observe the effect of the gas produced by the grain washing machine on animals.
II. Research findings
The results are as follows: (1) it is proved that ozone produced by grain cleaner is harmful to animals and plants, but it is only a matter of size. It was found that the harm of harmful gas to Phyllostachys pubescens was directly proportional to the concentration of gas. Fish experiments show that the gas produced by the food cleaner also harms organisms in the water. The back of the fish, which is fed into the gas from the food cleaner, becomes translucent, and most of the fish's gills stay still for a longer period of time, which means that the fish stopped breathing at that time, which is fatal to the fish over a long period of time. Although ozone is produced by oxygen, it is not suitable for breathing in humans and animals. By This proves that the higher the concentration of ozone produced by the food cleaner, the greater the damage to human beings.
(2) the higher the concentration of nitrogen oxides, the more harmful the ozone produced by the grain cleaner.
(3) the nitrate content in the living oxygen water is proportional to the time of the gas flowing into the grain washing machine. The longer the time is, the higher the concentration is, so people drink the harmful nitrate inevitably while drinking the living oxygen water.
3.3 Development trend of grain cleaning machines
Based on the principle of sterilization and disinfection of ozone, ozone technology was applied to the products of "food detoxification and cleaning machine", and a new product of household appliances was successfully created, aiming at pesticide residues, bacteria, heavy metals on grain surface, and innovating to realize "fresh" five-fold purification:
1, high-efficiency degradation pesticide: directly destroy the chemical bond of pesticide through ozone, high-efficiency degradation pesticide residue, the safety is more reassured.
2, kill bacteria effectively: destroy the biological structure of bacteria through ozone, make it impossible to survive, prevent disease from entering from mouth.
3. Fast removal of heavy metals: heavy metal particles do not attach themselves to grain, but rather rely on some organic mucus to adhere to them. Ozone can directly oxidize these sticky substances, thus causing metal particles to fall off. Remove heavy metal ions from grain surface effectively.
4360 °automatic cleaning: special patent technology of swirl spray, clean grain in all directions and thoroughly clean grain.
5, the whole course of food preservation: ozone O3 all-around care of grain, to maintain the natural nature of water food vegetables, so that the food is delicious and crispy.
Ozone benefits a lot, after ionizing ozone as the principle of food cleaning machine is bound to become a development trend.
4 conclusion
With the improvement of people's living standard and health consciousness, the requirement of food safety is becoming higher and higher. As we all know, there are pesticide residues on food, such as food and fruit, and eating these contaminated foods will bring great harm to human health! At present, the situation of food pollution is very serious, more or less contain or even contain more than the national standard of pesticide residues and viruses, bacteria. Especially for the off-season vegetables in the greenhouse, because of the high temperature in the greenhouse, insect pests are easy to occur and spread, the vegetable farmers will spray pesticide too much, so the toxicity of grain will be greatly increased, and people still lack the understanding of the contamination of grain and fruit. In daily life, No effective methods have been taken to remove or use them properly, or to treat them indiscriminately. In this way, the food is not removed or not completely removed, the pesticide residue in the fruit. What do we do? Now a brand new, clear rate is far higher than the national standard and can wash the grain of the Xilai fresh food all-around cleaning machine came!
