Everywhere, omnipotent computer, has undergone more than 50 literary attainment. 50 years of human history is just a moment, a computer is completely changed our life. Reviewing the history of the development of computer, and began its origins in accordance with this, really astounding passage of change; Recite the computer history hero and ups and downs of the invention story, will has left us long-term thinking and enlightenment. Please readers as we ShiHua reversal from time and space, the source of the original of computer.
Who knows, the computer name called electronic computer. This machine in human invention the father of the original intention, it should be the computational tool. English Calculus "(" a word calculation) come from Latin, both" algorithm "meaning, also have kidney stone in gallbladder" or "means. Ancient people use stone to calculate capture prey, stone is their computational tool. Famous science writer asimov said, man's earliest computing tools are the fingers, English words "Dight" already said "fingers" and said "integer number"; And ancient Chinese phrase "" line" to help accounts, "" line" of course can also act as computational tool. Stone, fingers, ropes... And these are the ancients used "computer".
We don't know when, in many other countries, people tend to think of using "chip", including improvement tools to several of China's most famous calculate raise. It was to raise, calculate time is actually a kind of bamboo and wooden or bone's small stick. The ancients in the ground or plate with these small stick, repeatedly by moving to compute, appearing a "good" this word, strategy is derived, then calculated the meaning of "chips". Ancient Chinese scientists zu chongzhi first worked out after the decimal point of PI six, the tools they use, it is to raise, this result namely is used for BiSuan also very not easy.
European who invented raise and China is endless and same, their count chips is based on the principle of "grid made square". For example to calculate 456, 1248 x can first draw a rectangle, and then put it into 3 x 2 small grid, in small grid side of BeiChengShu write multiplier, in turn, reoccupy diagonal all digital respectively, the two small grid above you record ten digits digital corresponding product with low single digits. These from right to left, product cross-court direction along the addition, finally get product. 1617 years, British mathematician napier multiplication table the grid of possible results, the registers in some narrow raise, use is put to calculate raise multiply, divide or other operations. Napier calculate chips in a very long period of time, the europeans major computational tool. Calculate chips in use, once encounter complex operation often get multifarious chaos, let a person feel the inconvenience, and Chinese have invented a new "computer".
Famous writer XieErDu in his novel "if tomorrow come" in told a story: liar Jeff to dealers peddling a pocket calculator, said it "low price, no fault, saving energy, ten years without any maintenance". Whenever the merchant open box a look, this machine is a "computer" originally from China's calculations. The world civilization ─ ─ the four birthplace Yellow River, the Indus valley, the Nile river basin and Euphrates river ─ ─ successively had appeared different forms of abacus, only Chinese abacus plate has been used today. Abacus probably first bud disk in the northern and southern dynasties in han dynasty, finalize the design. It USES binary numeration system, through clicked on calculations: calculate bead bead every bead, when five under every bead when a pearl, each a can as a digital. DaSuanPan must remember a set of equivalent formula, hevajra abacus "software". Abacus itself can also store digital, use rise really is very convenient, it helps to ancient Chinese mathematician made a lot of major scientific and technological achievement, in human computing tools has an important position in the history.
15 centuries later, with the astronomical, navigation development, the calculating work increasingly onerous, urgent need to seek new calculation method and improve computational tool. 1630, British mathematician OTT lader use the logarithm of popular multiplication, suddenly makes do if one thought: initiation of the two root by between sliding logarithm, not just relives makes matvey measure length with? His this idea led to the birth of mechanized "slide rule. OTT lader theory is to this small slide rule mathematician, didn't care, never intend to let it spread in the world, after the invention of the two hundred years, he has not been practical use. In the 18th century, the invention of the steam engine world-famous watt, successfully made the first a veritable slide rule. Watt is actually a meter goldsmiths, his steam engine after production factory, need the power and rapid calculations steam engine cylinder size. Watt in the slide rule, design one more ruler seat sliding mark, used to "save" calculation of the intermediate results, this kind of slide marked a long time has been used by later generations.
1850 later, logarithmic slide rule rapid development, became the engineers indispensable carry-on "computer", until the 20th in the 1950s and 1960s, it is still represent the identity of the engineering students a symbol.
Condensing many scientists and skillful craftsman wisdom of early computing tools in different historical stages, played a huge role, but also with the scientific development and dying, finally complete their historic mission.
The first real computer were famous scientists PASCAL B.P ascal) invented (mechanical computer.
PASCAL 1623 was born in a French mathematician family, his mother's death at age three, ShuiWuGuan by holds the father pulling him grow up. At a young age, he shows to scientific research keen interest.
Young PASCAL to his father madly, he looked at his old father every day, the tax calculation easily tax wanted to help make things, but feared father doesn't trust. So, the future scientists thought about making a can be calculated as father tax machine. And at age 19, he invented the first human history of mechanical computer.
PASCAL's computer is a series of device, gear box, shaped like a ChangFang with children's toys that key tighten clockwork to turn, will only do addition and subtraction. However, even if only do addition, had a "meet ten into a" carry problem. Clever PASCAL adopted a little paw type ratchet device. When positioning gear toward 9 turns, JiZhao will gradually raised; once gear turns to 0, JiZhao "click" 1 drop down, promote the gear forward ten digits spy.
PASCAL, after success for invention made 50 sets this was called "miss PASCAL adder" computer, at least now have five tables preserved. In Paris, France, for example, process, London's science museum school, the British can see PASCAL computer prototypes. It is said that in China's the Palace Museum, also kept two copper replicas of kindness was queen xi foreigners gave gifts, "announced" where know its secret, just accept it as a western foreign toys, hidden in the deep palace inside.
PASCAL is real genius, he has in many fields builds. When posterity in introduces him, said he is mathematician and physicist, philosophers, fluid dynamics founder of home and probability theory. All learned physical people know about a liquid pressure nature of the "miss PASCAL law", this law is his great discovery and named after him. He even or writers, their beautiful prose style is very highly-praissed in France. Unfortunately, engaged in hard study impaired his health, the premature death, death of braganza at hers 39. He left the world a maxim: "people are like fragile reed, but he is a reed had ideas."
The world "thoughtful reed", especially the latter of the computer field, won't forget in PASCAL lighting up in the light of chaos. 1971 invented a programming language ─ ─ PASCAL language, is to commemorate the pioneer, make PASCAL illustrious name fresh in the computer era.
PASCAL, and France, died soon after the neighbouring Germany Rhine, a handsome young man is reading all night. At dawn, young man stood up, knead once fatigue waist, face reveals understanding smile, a hazy idea has been mulling mature. Although invented in PASCAL adder, he has not yet born, but this article written by PASCAL personally about addition of papers, but computer TiHu initiation, he seems to induce strong invention. He is Germany by the British mathematician and encyclopedia of western civilization known as "one of the most prominent figures" leibniz G.L Bates (eibnitz).
Leibniz dimitrios early after bumpy. When fortune knocks, he won a French opportunity. Winging PASCAL's hometown of open arms accept him, for he realize computing machines long-cherished wish created opportunities. In Paris, he hired to some famous mechanical experts and skillful craftsman assistance, and finally, on 1674 years made a more perfect mechanical computer.
Leibniz invented new computer Bates about 1 meter long, internal installed a series of gear mechanism, besides bulky basic principles inheritance beyond in PASCAL. However, leibniz Bates exceeds, he adds a for the computer called "stepping wheel" device. Stepping wheel is a nine tooth long cylinder, and nine tooth located in cylindrical surface; in turn Another small gear can beside along the axial movement, so that successive and stepping gear. Whenever small gear running a circle, stepping wheels, can according to it and pinion gear, the pinion turns 1/10, respectively, 2/10 circle... Until 9/10 laps, so that it can continuous repeatedly to do addition.
Slightly familiar with computer programming people know, continuous repeated computation modern computer do addition is the way to multiply and divide. Leibniz's computer, add, subtract, multiply and divide is replete with four fundamental operations to rage, followed by paving the way brain-scanningexperiments computer.
Soon, because independent invention calculus and Newton eponymous leibniz mainz, for computer puts forward "and the number of binary" design. Someone says, his ideas from the east China.
About in the seventeen years one day, a friend gave him a picture brought from China pictures, name is called "gossip", song ShaoYong MoHui by a man "easy to figure". Leibniz dimitrios use a magnifying glass carefully observe gossip of each hexagram and found them all as by Yang (-) and Yin (-) a combination of the two kinds of symbols. He scratch interested to take eight kinds of hexagrams permutation and combination, as dian to pour to go to good mind suddenly ─ ─ it sparks a flash is a regular binary digits? If think Yang (-) is "1" , Yin (-) is "0", gossip just formed binary 000 to 111 altogether 8 basic sequence number. It is in Chinese wise enlightenment, leibniz under Bates finally figured out the truth of binary digits. Although leibniz design computers with Bates, but he takes the lead or a decimal number of binary system proposed algorithms, until today, binary number about modern computers still high-speed operation.
PASCAL via the computer's leibniz again later, people to improve battery pack on motor with drive machines work, become real "electric computer", and has been used to the 1920s to exit the stage. Although PASCAL and leibniz dimitrios invention is not modern computers, but they all heralds the first human computer history with dawn.
To let the machine, according to hear the words of human beings, human is calculated to intend to realize the dialogue between man and machine, or, to put the human thought send machine, let the machine according to the people's will automatically.
"Strange man and machine, realize the perpetrator of dialogue that is not developing the computer, but with computer inventions predecessors owed two French textile mechanic. They have invented a command machine work "program", thinking "injection" directly to jacquard knitting machine pinpoint.
As the name suggests, jacquard knitting machine of lifting the yarn jacquard device is, is a kind of can make ChouBu weave the weaving machine design decorative pattern.
Should be, jacquard knitting machine first appeared in China. In China the warring states period tombs excavated objects, and many color with silk thread weaving beautiful cloth. According to history records, from major western han dynasty, the ChenBaoGuang deer county textile craftsmen wife, can skilled grasp the jacquard machine operation technology, her machine configuration 120 root at warp, average 60 days made a cotton print, can be every horse value million money. The Ming dynasty the signet of open book that apparently, also impressively to seal a picture jacquard machine schemes. As you can imagine, when Europe from the nobility "silk road" was introduced into the beautiful silk admiration, Chinese jacquard machine will along the "silk road" was introduced into Europe.
By that time, however, it's quite a job the braiding machine weaving patterns. All the ChouBu are with the meridian line) and pin (vertical (horizontal line) woven. If want to weave pattern, weave workers must carefully designed, according to the pattern in the appropriate location "lift" up part of so slippery lines, pulling the different colors of the shuttle latitude through. The machine will not, of course, his "think" to the line where mention only by hand "to" up a root and performance of a root at warp, repeated the operation.
1725 years, France textile mechanic cloth Joe (b. Bouchon) abrupt fantasy, came up with a "perforated tape" excellent idea. Cloth with a row of Joe first try to control all the at warp knitting needles, then take it to a sport played a tape, according to the pattern roll, and make it rows of holes in knitting needles the pressure. Start machine, facing the knitting needle holes in the past to hook at warp, other needle is tape from moving. Thus, knitting needle automatically advance design according to the pattern to select at warp, cloth Joe "ideas" and "pass" gave braiding machine, and braids design "program" also "storage" among the holes in perforated tape. Truly successful improvement in 80 years later, another is a French mechanic jie khadr (J.J acquard), around 1805 completed "automatic jacquard knitting machine" design production.
It is remarkable in the French revolution ─ ─ against the bastille, overthrow feudal dynasty, armed defend Paris, citizens loudly sing "streets MaSaiQu", in succession, the revolutionary storm raging fire. Although jie khadr in 1790 just basic formed his jacquard machine design conception, but in order to participate in the revolution, he not focus on the invention, also carry up f gun, join in Lyon in the ranks of the resistance. Until the nineteenth century, jie khadr after coming to be assembled finished the machine.
Jie khadr for his jacquard machines increased a device that can simultaneously manipulate 1,200 knitting needle, control pattern of the perforated tape later also replaced punched CARDS. Reportedly, jie khadr braiding machine available only 25 years after the village near, coventry, has 600 sets in old-fashioned steam machine PuChi PuChi under the accompaniment, put on a punch card design into a horse ChouBu pretty flowers. Textile workers first strongly oppose this frame automation, the arrival of fresh stuff for fear of machine will rob to their jobs, that they lose their jobs, but because its superior performance, finally is widely accepted. 1812, only in France has assembled million sets, and throughout the western world by Britain, jie khadr and thus be awarded by the honor legion's cross and the gold medal.
Jie khadr jacquard knitting machine of 19th century stuck up the prelude of the machine automation. Published in London the British encyclopedia "and China published" english-chinese technology vocabulary book said guinnessworldrecords two JACQUARD "(jie," khadr) under the terms of a word, the meaning of English and Chinese are "JACQUARD machine unexpectedly," visible, jie kardel's name has and JACQUARD machine be in harmony for an organic whole. Jie khadr jacquard machine, even the principle of the computer era today, still bigger changes, the streets and lanes mix of manual wool knitting machine, using the basic structure still khadr braiding machine with jay broadly similar.
In addition, jie khadr braiding machine "holes" punched CARDS, not only let the machine to weave colorful design, and means the program control thought bud and perforated tape and punched CARDS also widely used in early computer programs and data in storage. Perhaps, we now "programming" commonly referred to as "programmed", it extended the "weaving loom designed fabric" meaning.
Many computer books published today, the title page published Babbage (c. Babbage) photograph: broad forehead, narrow mouth, keen eye appear a little cynical, and firm but not lack of humor appearance, give a person with a highly abstruse thought scholar image.
Babbage is a wealthy banker's son, 1792 was born in southwest England, "Turner, then inherited quite rich heritage, but he put money on scientific research. Childhood babbage shows high mathematical talent was admitted to Cambridge university, after he found their mastery of the algebra knowledge even more than the teachers. Graduation, 24-year-old young people stayed pleasure hired as Cambridge university "luca zinn lecture" professor of mathematics. This is a very few somebody can gain privilege, Newton teacher barlow is the first name, Newton is the second place. In teaching remaining, the babbage fulfilled many inventions, such as using the operational research theory first put forward "a penny postage" system, invented for the train use speedometer and troubleshooting is waited a moment. If babbage continue in mathematical theory and technological invention field work, he could have on flowers alleys smooth. However, the KuangShi wizards but has chosen a nobody dared to climb rugged road.
Things have to speak about from France. The 18th century, the France launched an ambitious ─ ─ computing project with prepares the mathematics of artificial in the table ", without advanced computing tools at the time, is a extremely hard work. France known assemble large mathematician, formed artificially hand calculate line, calculate duchy, finished 17 volumes explosive tome. Even so, calculate mathematical in table still exist lots of mistakes. Allegedly one day, babbage and famous astronomer Hector shekels of darfur, bundled together the two decimal tome, flip remark upon astronomy is a double fault, page two pages just as there are several. Facing mistakes mathematical form, babbage speechless, he even shout aloud: "heavens, these calculation errors have filled with permeated the whole universe!"
It is perhaps babbage initiation developed the cause of computer vision. Babbage in his autobiography "a philosopher life story" in, wrote about in 1812 took place about one thing: "one night, I sit at Cambridge university analysis office, trance consciousness society to open a front looked at. A member to access in, saw me walking the appearance, busy shouted:" hello! You dream of what? 'I said to access as:' I was considering the tables may use the machine to calculate! '" babbage's first goal is to make a "poor extension". The so-called "difference" meaning, the function is transformed into the complex formula watch difference operation, use simple addition to replace square operations. That year, at 20's babbage from France khadr invention jacquard jay inspired, on knitting machine of flashing out poor extension design inspiration ─ ─ the procedure control according to the designer's will that it can be automatic processing, the calculating process of different functions.
Babbage took whole years time, in 1822 completed the first difference engines, it could handle three different 5 digits, calculation accuracy reached six decimal, was immediately figuring out several kinds of function table. As industrial technical level is extremely low, the first difference engines from the design drawing to the mechanical parts processing, are babbage hands-on completed. When he looked at his own machines produce accurate with table ", "mathematics to people happily said:" even if my machine broke down, such as gear was stuck not active, that also irrelevant. You see, each wheel are marked with Numbers, it won't trick anyone." Later, this machine practical use of proof is very suitable for compiling sailing and astronomy math in table.
The joy of success motivates babbage, he rushed to the royal society, boasting was writing government funded his request for building second operation precision 20 large difference engines. The British government see babbage research profitable, to declare and scientists first contract signed Treasury generously, for this stage large difference engines provide a 1.7 million pounds funding. Babbage oneself also posted in 1.3 million pounds to compensate for money, lack of funds for research. In that year, the amount of the funds ─ ─ a public-relations astronomical information said, 1831 John Boolean manufacturing a steam locomotive costs just 784 pounds.
However, the second difference engines in mechanical manufacturing factories on the "touch rocks".
The second difference engines about 25,000 a parts, the error of main parts shall not exceed per inch, which USES a thousandth of processing equipment and the technology now, want to create this kind of precision machinery also won't be easy. Babbage put difference engines to Britain's most famous mechanical engineer Joseph • clement own factories manufacture, but engineering progress is slow. Stylist anxiously, from Cambridge to factories, from the factory to Cambridge, one day some back-and-forth. He put the drawings changed again change, allowing workers to put parts redo it again and again. Year after year, day after day, until another 10 years later, still looking at those babbage worry, the machine can run all parts also finished only less than half of quantity. To test colleagues can't hold down, fled from him away. Babbage alone the third struggling for 10 years, finally felt no turning back.
Early that morning, babbage walked into the workshop, big homework field empty, only scattered around the pulley and gear, chaos. He stayed put in their unfinished twinkies, a deep sigh. In pain, he suffered, but at all design drawings and completed parts sent into the imperial college London museum for people to watch. In 1842, in life in babbage is very usual for a year. The British government announced to his all cut off funding, even with the scientific community friends looked at a strange. British prime minister sarcasm way: "this machine, the only purpose is spending lots of money!" Colleagues taunted him is "dumb babbage". Royal college authorities, including the famous astronomer ereli, has declared his poor extension "without any value"...
In pain difficult moments, lonely depressed babbage accidentally received a letter, the writer not only for him to understand that he also hope to work together. JuanXiu font signature, showed that she ─ ─ uncommon identity. Countess.
Shortly after receiving letters, babbage laboratory the doorway into the to a young lady. She draped in a simple but elegant, the cloak of temples inclined inserted in a white carnation, appear so elegant dignified. Babbage temporary leng there, he and the lady deja vu, and can't remember once where met. Ms. Graceful to introduced myself, it is the writer.
"Do you remember me?" Ms. Whispers, "ten years ago, you gave me said difference engines principle." See babbage puzzled look, she again smile added: "you say I like savage met telescope." Babbage is suddenly enlighted, remember the past is already very distant. The lady and front between the little girl in a few minutes, vaguely similar. Originally, the countess named Ada • Augusta (AdaAugusta), is the famous British poet byron only daughter. She is better than babbage's age is small 20 years, born in 1815. Ada since childhood star-crossed lovers, came into the world's second year, father byron because personalities clash with her mother divorce, from British departure. May is never won a fatherly love reason, small Ada didn't inherit the romantic poetic to his passion, but inherited mother mathematical ability and perseverance.
Or in the Ada girlhood, mother's friend took they visit babbage's difference engines. Other girls around difference engines chatter about hair, confused. Only the Ada watching very carefully, she is very understand and know babbage the significance of the invention. Maybe the little girl special temperament, in babbage memory laid a deep impression. He hurriedly please Ada seats, and gladly agree with this a little famous actress together develop new mathematical calculation machine.
And so, the Ada 27 years old, she became babbage scientific research associate, fan on the normal the unreasonable "weird" research. At the time, she has had a family, the husband was lo responded with grace count. According to Britain's custom, many material in introduction was called "los responded with grace countess".
30 years of difficulties and setbacks and not make babbage yield, Ada's befriending strengthened his determination. Also in large difference engines foray into frustrated in 1834, babbage had proposed a new, more bold design. His final goal, not only can the difference engines, but tabulation of general mathematical computer. This new design babbage called "analysis" machine, it can automatic 100 variables for calculating the complex computation, each number can reach 25, per second operation again.
Today we'll look back at babbage design, analysis machine thoughts still flashing light of genius.
Because for laryngeal disease later babbage almost cannot speak, the text introduced mainly by analyzing machine for him to finish the Ada. Ada in an article said: "this machine whether in May finish calculation scope, simple and reliability and precision degree, or is calculated in this aspect need not completely, more than the previous machine." Babbage analysis machine design, so exquisite he intends to use steam engine for the power to drive a lot of gear mechanism operation. Babbage analysis machines are chiefly of three most: one is gear type "storage library", babbage called it "warehouse" (Store), each gear can Store 10 number, the array of total gear can Store 1,000 50 digits. The second component analysis machine is called "operation room", it is babbage named "workshop" (Mill), its basic principle and PASCAL runner is similar with gear, the meshing, rotate, between translation etc way number operations. To accelerate the speed, he improved binary device, makes 50 digits plus 50 digits can be completed in a runner operations within. The third part babbage not for its specific name, its function is the punch card khadr Jefferson "0" and "1" to control operation order of operations, similar to the computer controller. He even considering how to make the machine processing in conditional action, for example, the first step operation result if "1", then do multiplication, if "0" on divide. In addition, babbage also conceived into and take data in the institutions, as well as "warehouse" and "workshop round-trip transport data between the components unceasingly.
Ada "heart ACTS upon mind," she very accurate evaluation way: "analysis" algebra "weaving machine with jie khadr loom mode of Mosaic exactly the same" knitting. So, for the analysis of function calculation program compiled machine, fell on the burden of mathematical just woman his shoulder. Ada epoch-making first for the computer make out of the program, including calculation procedure, trigonometric series multiplication programs, Bernoulli function program, etc. Ada prepared the programs, even today, computer software junior still can't easily change an instruction. People accepted she is the world's first software engineer. As is known to all, U.S. defense department is said to be spent $25 billion and 10 years of time, put it need all of the functions of the software mixed a computer language, hope it can become a military thousands of computer standards. In 1981, the language were officially named ADA (ADA) language, make the ADA illustrious name circulates.
However, the above said all the way down the line, but babbage and Ada that year in how painful hot water! Without any aid, babbage analysis machine drawings for become reality, spent all his property, impoverished. He had to put in hand, and Ada discuss live trying to make some money, as making what chess toys, what racing games, etc. For raising research fund, they had to "sea" do "earned". Finally, they all into a panic not dilemma. Ada reluctantly the husband's home twice the ancestral treasure sent to pawnshops, in order to maintain a routine expenses, and these treasures and funded by her mother twice for back. Impoverishment, endless mental work, make the Ada health worsen sharply. In 1852 harbor to analysis the good dream machine success, software as well as hers, death -often 36 years. Ada died, babbage and silently alone insisted the nearly 20 years. The late he has not accurate pronunciation, can't even organized to express your meaning, but he still stuck to stick to your work. In 1871, computer business contribution of pioneers babbage lifelong energy for analysis, finally full wordless sad sad, machine died off alone. Someone put his brain in saline with stored, want to pass a few years later, has more advanced technique to study the spirit of preserved his brain.
Analysis machine made out, can't finally babbage and Ada failed. Babbage and Ada failed because they look too far, analysis the idea beyond their machine in at least a century times! The demand for social development and development of science and technology so that they may be, destined to become tragedy character. Nonetheless, babbage and Ada for computer science left a very precious spiritual heritage, including 30 different design scheme, nearly 2000 zhang assembly figure and 50,000 zhang parts figure... , more include that in adversity for self-improvement, pursuing ideal desperate struggle spirit.
Babbage superstar after falling, and the world has gradually will he forgotten, 20 century is approaching. Computer history waiting, waiting for the character of type babbage reincarnation, waiting for the human epoch-making feat.
In 1936, about America's youth, Howard did H.A iken ai Ken (Harvard University) to study physics doctorate. Just around the turn of the century to the ai was a late bloomer, belong to the scientists willing. Because domestic poverty, he had to also worked.of way hard finish high school. University, also side, the side of study hard and work until after the graduation just to get an engineer. 36 years old, he resolutely resigned as income lucrative position, go back to university. Because the study involved doctoral thesis space charge conduction theory, need solving complicated nonlinear differential equation, the tedious manual calculation remaining, the ai Ken wanted to invent a machine to replace artificial solution method, fantasy, can have a computer to help him solve mathematical problems.
Three years later, as leibniz mainz in the book "find" PASCAL is same, ai Ken is also "found" in the library of babbage and Ada. Babbage and Ada's papers, make young people shake our move. 70 years later, as if still babbage on as he talked: "anyone who does not accept my failure, and still determined to go to the developed a mathematical analysis of all jobs are included in the words of the machine, I not afraid put his reputation to him to make due evaluation, because he has fully understand the nature of my work the value of its achievements. To place the ai Ken technology level, perhaps era has been able to complete babbage unfinished business, build general-purpose computer. Therefore, he wrote an article the automatic computer assumption "proposal, puts forward to want to use electrical way, not with pure mechanical method to construct the new" analysis machine ". However, no study reader is so big may raise the brushstroke funds.
Getting a Ph.D. Once entered the U.S. navy will harness innings. A small lieutenant, he still no money. "Money is not everything. There's mastercard", however, for it will realize the computer ai, "no money dream is nothing", otherwise will only repeating babbage and Ada traversed the complex.
Young navy lieutenant thought about tabulating machine industry IBM.
Ai from his teacher willing disclosed that the name, IBM chairman Watson of his teacher is at this time a funded by IBM started the "Columbia University in statistics, very willing to post" for students to write a letter of recommendation. Ai Ken continuous working all night to prepare the material, to draw up a copy of a detailed feasibility report, ran straight to find Watson. He listens to the teacher speak, Watson style never is, don't try to persuade lays down the person, developing the computer plan it undone.
IBM's headquarters is located in a building in the construction of the antique objects. Watson sat wide desk, silent listen to ai Ken statements. On his back, is very neat filled up with various books big bookcase, bookcase only one word above affixed with the motto ─ ─ thinking (THINK), this is the most recommended Watson action rule.
Ai Ken had said this say, jitterily looked at opposite the hobby "thinking" entrepreneurs.
"At least need how many money?" Watson ask. "I'm afraid to go to" put tens of thousands, ai Ken mumblingly replied, "but......"
Watson put the motioning with his hand, interrupted moxa Ken's conversation, picked up a pen to, in the report made a few strokes.
Ai Ken heart a tight: "no!" Out of respect, he still respectfully received that piece of paper with her hands down, then a cry, immediately ─ ─ a starwood header on the large flick, Watson granted to the computer one million dollars!
With IBM for strong backing, new computer research work in harvard physics a direct red-brick house opened the field and ai, Ken took it dubbed "Mark 1" (Mark Ⅰ), also known as the "automatic sequence controlled computer". IBM and sent to lake, DE fe and Hamilton composed research group, such as money is enough, array. Compared with babbage and Ada and ai, Ken circumstances really be lucky. IBM also so from production tabulating machine, the butcher's shop the scale, coffee grinding machine industry gadgets mess, the computer's official stepped into "feudal".
Ai Ken design mark 1 is a kind of electric machines, it using current operations, most key components, with an ordinary telephone relay. mark no. 1 about installed 3,000 relays, each has small by spring-loaded iron rod, attracted by electromagnet movement up and down. Suction and then connect circuits, represents "1"; Release then disconnect circuit, represents "0". Relays "switch" can in about 1/100 seconds of time connect or disconnect the electric current, of course, the gear than babbage far more advanced.
For mark 1 calculation program is compiled a female mathematician grace • hob (g. Hopper). The fame as the mathematics, in 1944, dr to Harvard University computer research work, she said: "I became the world's first large-scale computer Ⅰ Mark the third programmer." For the first, hobo doctor later of commercial electronic computer stored procedures UNIVAC written procedures, and takes the lead in developing the first successful compiler A - O and computer business language COBOL, is recognized is A computer language areas of leaders. One day, she appeared when debugging, apart relays, fault discovered she had a moths was sandwiched between flat in contacts, thus "card" live machine operation. So, the program, hobo had been harmonic fault collectively referred to as "bug" (bug), and this strange "call", and later became the field of computer professional jargon, such as the debugging, DOS system DEBUG program name called.
In 1944, mark 1 February at Harvard University formally computer operation. Outwardly, with its shell is made of steel and glass, long about 15 meters, about 2.4 meters high, self-respect, is to 31.5 tons as a huge tuskers dinosaur figure. Reportedly, ai Ken and his colleagues, for it is equipped with a 150,000 components and the 800 kilometers long wire. This machine can make people at that time ─ ─ the speed of surprise work with 200 or more times per minute of operations. It can be 23 digits add 23 digits addition, one need only 0.3 seconds; And the same digits, requires multiplication of 6 seconds more time. But it still reverberating run sound, some visitors said: "like is packed with a room full of women live wool knitting, perhaps what will you associate, mark 1 computer jerry khadr braiding machine has natural contact. Mark 1st represents since human beings since PASCAL, manufacturing machinery for the top computer or electric computer level that was used to calculate nuclear fission processes. It was 15 years after operation, make a math in table we are still in use. In 1946, elliott, hobo Ken and co-star published articles said, this machine can automatically realize people selected series operations, in advance can even solve differential equation.
Mark 1 finally realized babbage long-cherished wish. After years of isolation, things has been college professor ai Ken talked about the things he babbage, still amazing, he had regrets ground say, if babbage WanSheng 75 years, I will be unemployed. But mark 1 was early computer last representatives from its put into operation, the moment has outdated, because at this moment, the human society has stepped into the electronic era.
