附件1：外文资料翻译译文
E-commerce is coming of age
The 21st century are the information time, the tertiary industry unceasingly rise in the various countries' proportion, specially service industry, information service industry becomes for the 21stcentury the leading industries, this has caused the electronic commerce production and the development in the global information is under the influence which the situation drives, the various countries' electronic commerce unceasing improvement and the consummation, the electronic commerce is a focal point which each country and each big company capture.
And, along with the whole world electronic commerce swift and violent development, the electronic commerce scale expands day by day, if US in 2000 the electronic commerce amounts to 488.7 billion US dollars, Japanese 31.9 billion US dollars, German 20.6 billion US dollars. Thereupon, the various countries unceasingly opens sends out the form to be diverse, the characteristic each different electronic commerce solution. But, because various countries and some international organization to electronic commerce understanding existence difference, thus the formulation and implementation development electronic commerce policy also has the obvious difference between the country and the country electronic commerce live agent lacks the effective coordinated mechanism to develop slowly, simultaneously a country interior electronic commerce activity also because of lacks the effective policy safeguard to receive the restriction. Therefore, the research discussion electronic commerce present situation and the formulation implementation appropriate electronic commerce policy question extremely is urgent.
But in our country, the computer and the network technology popularization and the development, the electronic commerce rapidly rises, the multitudinous information technology enterprise, the venture capital company, the production circulation enterprise develops the electronic commerce in abundance.
Looked from national Economical trade committee to more than 630 enterprises' investigations that, at present enterprise in Internet application and development electronic commerce aspect, eastern area enterprise good to middle area, middle is good to the west; The locus good at is situated at the far away enterprise in the big city enterprise, the new enterprise is good to the old enterprise. The economic potentiality is strong, the profit space big enterprise, the information construction and the electronic commerce develops quite well if the association group already has at present completed the supply chain link information, foundationally completed the development electronic commerce completely to work. at the same time, the majority enterprise quite takes to the information construction, generally will favor the electronic commerce the future, the enterprise internal information construction has made the positive progress, was surmounting by the information isolated island to the information integration; The establishment has also made the certain progress in the network application foundation electronic commerce construction, some enterprises already through network development purchase service and on-line sale.
Enters the World Trade Organization along with China, the domestic market is open to the whole world. This meant the Chinese economy development one big surmounts, the electronic commerce also inevitably gradually will develop, impact tradition industry status does not need to question that, the Internet is becoming the new industrial revolution the leading strength, electronic business takes up honest work into the new economical growth spot. But, the website grows with does not have between the benefit the contrast, the electronic commerce transaction security technology and the reliability is bad, the transaction both sides deficient prestige and so on already seriously restricted our country electronic commerce development, the electronic commerce development has been facing layer on layer the difficulty in China.
But the information technology already became the Chinese enterprise with it correlation electronic commerce to enter the world in the new century the true opportunity. Market more open, the enterprise will induct the electronic commerce the proportion to continue to increase, China will become the electronic commerce to be quickest in the global development, one of potential biggest areas.
This text from of our country e- commerce environment of development, existing problem, how improve development environment and of our country development trend 3 of e-commerce at present, probed into and an aliped the current situation of e-commerce development of our country.
WHEN the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true.
The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.
But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of expedia.com and hotels.com, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online.
Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada.
And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on eBay, the biggest online auctioneer. Nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. Some of these B2B services are proprietary; for example, Wal-Mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.
So e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get much bigger. But the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. That influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.
To start with, the internet is profoundly changing consumer behaviour. One in five customers walking into a Sears department store in America to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase online—and most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. More surprisingly, three out of four Americans start shopping for new cars online, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. The difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. Sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealer’s stock that they want to buy.
Half of the 60m consumers in Europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by Forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). Different countries have different habits. In Italy and Spain, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. But in Britain and Germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. Forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as DVDs, and then graduate to more complex items. Used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in America.
People seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. Websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers, and seem set to take a much bigger share of people’s overall spending in the future.
This has enormous implications for business. A company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. A website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a company’s brand, products and services—even if the firm does not sell online. A useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. But even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.
For many users, a search site is now their point of entry to the internet. The best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “Googled” a company, a product or their plumber. The search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. And it is already the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. All this means that search is turning into the internet’s next big battleground as Google defends itself against challenges from Yahoo! and Microsoft.
The other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that already get a lot of traffic. Ebay, Yahoo! and Amazon are becoming huge trading platforms for other companies. But to take part, a company’s products have to stand up to intense price competition. People check online prices, compare them with those in their local high street and may well take a peek at what customers in other countries are paying. Even if websites are prevented from shipping their goods abroad, there are plenty of web-based entrepreneurs ready to oblige.
What is going on here is arbitrage between different sales channels, says Mohanbir Sawhney, professor of technology at the Kellogg School of Management in Chicago. For instance, someone might use the internet to research digital cameras, but visit a photographic shop for a hands-on demonstration. “I’ll think about it,” they will tell the sales assistant. Back home, they will use a search engine to find the lowest price and buy online. In this way, consumers are “deconstructing the purchasing process”, says Professor Sawhney. They are unbundling product information from the transaction itself.
It is not only price transparency that makes internet consumers so powerful; it is also the way the net makes it easy for them to be fickle. If they do not like a website, they swiftly move on. “The web is the most selfish environment in the world,” says Daniel Rosensweig, chief operating officer of Yahoo! “People want to use the internet whenever they want, how they want and for whatever they want.”
Yahoo! is not alone in defining its strategy as working out what its customers (260m unique users every month) are looking for, and then trying to give it to them. The first thing they want is to become better informed about products and prices. “We operate our business on that belief,” says Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s chief executive. Amazon became famous for books, but long ago branched out into selling lots of other things too; among its latest ventures are health products, jewellery and gourmet food. Apart from cheap and bulky items such as garden rakes, Mr Bezos thinks he can sell most things. And so do the millions of people who use eBay.
And yet nobody thinks real shops are finished, especially those operating in niche markets. Many bricks-and-mortar bookshops still make a good living, as do flea markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending.
How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders.
One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?
One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets.
Certain products or services appear more suitable for online sales; others remain more suitable for offline sales. While credit cards are currently the most popular means of paying for online goods and services, alternative online payments will account for 26% of e-commerce volume by 2009 according to Celent.
Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products, (including information storage, retrieval, and modification), music, movies, office supplies, education, communication, software, photography, and financial transactions. Examples of this type of company include: Google, eBay and Paypal. Other successful marketers such as use Drop shipping or Affiliate marketing techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real inventory. Examples include numerous sellers on eBay.
Virtual marketers can sell some non-digital products and services successfully. Such products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio, they may involve embarrassing purchases, they may typically go to people in remote locations, and they may have shut-ins as their typical purchasers. Items which can fit through a standard letterbox — such as music CDs, DVDs and books — are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer, and indeed Amazon.com, one of the few enduring dot-com companies, has historically concentrated on this field.
Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like washing machines and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps, also seem good candidates for selling online. Retailers often need to order spare parts specially, since they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets -- in such cases, e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores, only with other ordering systems. A factor for success in this niche can consist of providing customers with exact, reliable information about which part number their particular version of a product needs, for example by providing parts lists keyed by serial number.
Purchases of pornography and of other sex-related products and services fulfill the requirements of both virtuality (or if non-virtual, generally high-value) and potential embarrassment; unsurprisingly, provision of such services has become the most profitable segment of e-commerce.
There are also many disadvantages of e-commerce. one of the main ones is fraud. This is where your details (name, bank card number, age, national insurance number) are entered into what look to be a safe site but really it is not. These details can then be used to steal money from you and can be used to buy things on line that you are completely unaware of until it is too late. this information is leaked into the wrong hands. People are able to steal your identity, and commit more fraud crimes under your name. Finally there are many problems with e commerce some of which are:
Failure understands customers why they buy and how they buy. Even a product with a sound value proposition can fail if producers and retailers do not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations. E-commerce could potentially mitigate this potential problem with proactive and focused marketing research, just as traditional retailers may do. Failure consider the competitive situation. One may have the will to construct a viable book e-tailing business model, but lack the capability to compete with Amazon. Inability predicts environmental reaction. What will competitors do? Will they introduce competitive brands or competitive web sites? Will they supplement their service offerings? Will they try to sabotage a competitor's site? Will price wars break out? What will the government do? Research into competitors, industries and markets may mitigate some consequences here, just as in non-electronic commerce. Over-estimation of resource competence. Can staff, hardware, software, and processes handle the proposed strategy? Have e-tales failed to develop employee and management skills? These issues may call for thorough resource planning and employee training.
Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low value-to-weight ratio, products that have a smell, taste, or touch component, products that need trial fittings — most notably clothing — and products where color integrity appears important. Nonetheless, Tesco.com has had success delivering groceries in the UK, albeit that many of its goods are of a generic quality, and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S. Also, the recycling program Cheapcycle sells goods over the internet, but avoids the low value-to-weight ratio problem by creating different groups for various regions, so that shipping costs remain low.
日趋完善的电子商务
二十一世纪是信息化的时代，第三产业在各国的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息化大势所驱的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务成为各个国家和各大公司争夺的焦点。
并且，随着全球电子商务的迅猛发展，电子商务规模日益扩大，如美国2000年电子商务达4887亿美元，日本319亿美元，德国206亿美元。于是，各国不断开发出形式多样、特点各异的电子商务解决方案。但是，由于各国和一些国际组织对电子商务的认识存在差异，因而制定和实施的发展的电子商务政策也存在明显的不同。国与国之间的电子商务活动因缺乏有效的协调机制而发展缓慢，同时一国内部的电子商务活动也因缺乏有效的政策保障而受到制约。因此，研究探讨电子商务现状和制定实施恰当的电子商务的政策问题就十分迫切
而在我国，计算机与网络技术的普及与发展，电子商务迅速崛起，众多的信息技术企业、风险投资公司、生产流通企业纷纷开展电子商务。
从国家经贸委对630多家企业的调查来看，目前企业在互联网应用和开展电子商务方面，东部地区的企业好于中部地区，中部好于西部；所在地在大城市的企业好于地处偏远的企业，新企业好于老企业。经济实力强、利润空间大的企业，信息化建设和电子商务开展得比较好。如联想集团目前已经完成了供应链环节的信息化，做好了开展电子商务的全部基础性工作。同时，大多数企业对信息化建设比较重视，普遍看好电子商务的未来，企业内部信息化建设取得了积极进展，正在由信息孤岛向信息集成跨越；建立在网络应用基础上的电子商务建设也取得了一定进展，一些企业已经通过网络开展采购业务和网上销售。
另一方面，中国入世，国内市场向全球开放。这意味着中国经济发展的一大跨越，电子商务也势必逐步发展起来，冲击传统产业的地位.毋庸质疑，互联网正成为新的产业革命的主导力量，电子商务正成为新的经济增长点。但是，网站增长与无效益之间的反差，电子商务交易的安全技术与可*性差，交易双方缺乏信誉等已经严重制约了我国电子商务的发展，电子商务的发展在中国面临着重重难关。
但是信息技术与之相关的电子商务已经成为中国企业在新世纪进入世界的真正机遇。市场将更加开放，企业导入电子商务的比例将持续增加，中国将成为电子商务在全球发展最快，潜力最大的地区之一。
当2000年科技泡沫爆发时，备受炒作的网上公司好象随之蒸发了，众多的网上贸易也被迫流产。劫后余生网上公司无一不紧缩商务，好在与日俱增的互联网用户在激励着他们。现在，对网上公司的评价又有所提高了，并且很多.com公司的确也已开始赢利了，但工商界还是谨慎地评价互联网的潜能。尽管如此，有人已大胆的预言：世界上大量经济巨头不久都会以某种方式移师电脑空间。
据商务部不完全统计表明，去年网上零售额增加了26%，达到550亿美元。这听起来的确是一个很大的数目，但这仅相当于全球零售业总额的1.6%。大部分的成年消费者依然习惯于到“砖+混凝土”（bricks-and-mortar）的世界里消费。
其实商务部公布的数字仅涉及部分产业。例如，该数字虽然包括了网上旅游服务，这一电子商务界最成功也是增长最快的行业之一。IAC (InterActiveCorp)，expedia.com 和 hotels.com两个站的拥有者，去年仅它一家就有100亿美元的营业额，包括航空业、宾馆业、出租车公司在内的竞争对手去年网上营业总额也有大幅攀升，但这些网上营业额攀升的企业在商务部的数字中并未得到体现。
同样，商务部的数字也没有包含财经服务、票务代理、网上色情（据<成人视讯（A dult Video News）>（去年美国网上色情业营业额高达20亿美元）等行业在内。另外大量与博彩业相关的商业形为(世界范围内的网上博彩业营业额高达60亿美元)也没有提及。
另外，商务部的数字虽然包括了拍卖网站的利润，却没有包含所拍卖成交货物的价值在内，据估算，其价值高达数百亿美元。去年仅eBay这家最大的拍卖网站出手的货物价值就高达240亿美元。按照商务部的界定，数十亿美元的成交货物总价值是没有包括其中的，况且很多B2B模式的商贸形为都是不公开的，例如Wal-Mart公司就明确地告诫其供货商，若想成为其2500亿美元的营业额的一部分，必需采用自己的运转体系。
由以上数字可以看出，电子商务已是很有规模了，并且正在发展壮大。但是网上交易额正受到离线交易的冲击，而离线交易又是电子商务的一个重要组成部分。
互联网正深深地改变着消费者的消费行为。目前，有1/5的美国人在到商店购买电子产品前，会先到网上去查询其最低价，以节省哪怕一毛钱。更让人吃惊的是，有3/4的美国人在购买新汽车时也会首先想到互联网，即使最后成交仍可能是用传统的方式---从经销商那购买，但他们会到网上去了解有关要购汽车的各种信息，并选定网上推荐的最好的经销商。有时，他们还会到相关网站上去打印自己感兴趣的汽车的图片等资料作参考。
作为资深调查顾问的Forrester先生提供的图表显示，在欧洲6亿消费者中，有半数采取在网上查询商品信息，然后离线购买的方式来消费（见图1）。当然不同国家又有不同的消费习惯，例如在意大利和西班牙，采取在网上查询然后离线购买的人数大约是网上直接购买的两倍。但在德国和英国这两个最发达的网络国家里，二者基本相当。Forrester称，人们从网上购物一般都是从一些简单的物品开始的，如DVD光盘，然后向较复杂的商品过渡。在美国，二手汽车是一个增长最快的一个领域。
如果网站的顾客导购做的成功的话，人们看来是乐意采取网上购物方式的，现在网站正在变的越来越明智，它们给顾客更多更实在的服务。在不久的将来，网上购物占人们购物总额的比例肯定会有大的提高。
网站建设对商业行为来说意义重大。一个不注重网站建设的公司无异于是在商战中自杀。即便公司并不从事网上交易，网站也会成为人们了解其商标、产品及服务的门户。在电脑空间，一个无价值的网站往往预示着一个无价值的公司，他只会在人们的鼠标点击下被无情舍弃。所以一个成功的公司一定要建成一个优秀的网站，以确保它能出现在每次搜索结果的前列。
对很多用户而言，一个搜索站点往往是他们进入互联网的切入点。全球知名的搜索引擎早已进入当代词典：人们会说他“Googled”了一个公司，一个产品或是一个管道工。这种搜索行为也成为了互联网上最有成效的广告途径之一。并且这也是接近青少年这一顾客群体最好的方式，因为他们花在互联网上的时间远远超过看电视的时间。所有这些都说明，网上搜索成了互联网的一下个战场，例如，Google就是依赖其优异的搜索功能来抗衡Yahoo! 和 Microsoft。
另一条忠告就是公司最好在一家已拥有相当访问量的网站上登载自己的商品及服务。Ebay、Yahoo、Amazon正在某些方面成为众多公司的展示自己商品的巨大平台，不过一个公司要参与到这个平台中来，则必需经得住激烈的价格战。网上消费者往往会拿商品网上报价与当地商店里作一比较，甚至会与别的国家的售价进行比较，即使网上销售在境外是被禁止的，也会有大量的基于网站销售方式的业主积极去运作。
芝加哥Kellogg管理学院的科技教授 Mohanbir Sawhney说，我们应清楚现今消费者购物行为的改变。例如，某人想买一部数字照相机，他会先到附近的商店里去考察实物，选好型号后，他会和售货员说：“我回去考虑一下再来”，然后他回家就会到网上去查该型号相机的最低售价，然后在网上订购。所以从这个意义上说，消费者已不再遵从传统的购物流程。
不只是互联网上透明的价格使得消费者成为强势群体，网络也使得他们成为“薄情”一族，如果他们不喜欢某一网站则会毫不犹豫地离开。“网络是世界上最自私的场所”，Yahoo!执行总裁Daniel Rosensweig 称，“人们应用互联网可谓，随时、随地、随人所欲”。
象Yahoo!这样，致力于寻找并提供客户需要的各种信息的网站并不在少数（Yahoo!每月据称有2。6亿访问者）。消费者最关心的就是最详实的商品名录及其报价，Amazon执行总裁Jeff Bezos说：“我们经营的基础是消费者的信任”。Amazon现在已是世界闻名的图书经销商，以前它也曾在网上销售过其它产品，例如保健品、珠宝和精选的食品。Bezos先生认为除仓储超市里那些体积大价格低的物品外，他们甚至可以出售一切，这也是数以百万计的消费者选择eBay的原因。
即便如此，没有人会认为传统意义的商店可以消失，特别是那些“投机”性更强的领域。许多“砖+混凝土”的商店仍有着不凡的业绩，例如杂货市场等，但象音像和旅游市场则受到了来自互联网实实在在的冲击。作为互联网上最大的旅游代理商的Expedia旅游公司，其老板声称未来美国民众网上预订旅游服务的比例，将会从如今的20%上升到50%。Bezos先生估计未来十年网上零售业将会达到零售总额的10-15%，并将深刻地改变人们的消费观念。
面对来势汹汹的网上营销，传统的商场将如何应对呢？Dell计算机公司的创始人Michael Dell先生，一直领导个人计算机的直销市场，他认为凭借各层销售商店去出售计算机的方式只能进陈列馆作为古董了，Dell采用的直销方式已收到了良好的效果。近来，Apple 和Sony的专卖店计划展示全部可以在网上查到的该品牌商品，也是应对措施之一。从长远看，网上和离线销售方式也必将融合，传统商店也将成为多种销售手段并存的集合体：打印出的商品名录、家庭电视直销、电视订货以及电子商务网站具全。但从消费者角度来说，从网上订货还是他们最为乐意的消费方式。
网上销售最大的优势就在于其低价，这是因为网上商品没有多层中转，于是也就没有多层加价，它们一般都是直接从生产厂家直接到消费者。如果在互联网上消费者可以买到最低价格的商品并能得到最好的服务，还会有人去其它地方购物吗？
当然，消费才在网上购物时，可能会面对欺诈行为。但随着互联网的发展，它传递商品信息速度进一步加快，加上提供同一商品的多家网站必然会考虑自己的长远发展，而争相提供准确翔实的商品信息和价格，并提供优质服务，以抓住更多的用户。所以网上市场肯定会越来越完善。
某些产品或服务,似乎更适合于在网上销售;其余较适合离线销售. 而信用卡是目前最流行的方式支付订购商品和服务,另类在线支付将占26%的电子商务额由2009年根据塞伦提.
许多成功的纯虚拟公司处理数码产品(包括信息存储,检索和修改等),音乐,电影,办公用品,教育,通信,软件,摄影,和金融交易. 这方面的例子公司类型包括:谷歌银行,eBay及Paypal. 其它成功的行销,如使用降船或从属营销技术,以促进交易的有形货物没有保持真正的库存. 例子包括众多卖家在eBay.
虚拟营销可以卖一些非数字化产品和服务的成功. 这类产品通常都具有极高的价值-重量比,他们可能涉及的尴尬采购他们通常去边远地区的人民,而他们可能也已经关闭出入口作为典型的买家. 项目可以通过合适的一个标准信箱,如音乐光碟,DVD和书籍都特别适合虚拟经销商,而事实上,亚马逊,其中少有的持久斑点com公司,历来是集中在这一领域的合作.
产品备件等,无论对消费者的物品,如洗衣机和工业设备,如离心泵,也似乎好考生网上销售. 零售商往往需要订购备件专,因为它们通常并不股票在发售消费--在这种情况下,电子商务解决备件不与零售商店,只有与其他订货系统. 一个成功因素,在这样的定位可以分为为客户提供准确,可靠消息说,订货号其特定版本的产品需要,例如提供零部件清单紧张的序号.
购买其他与性有关的产品和服务,符合条件的都虚(或者,如果非虚,一般高价值)和潜在的尴尬;难怪,提供这种服务已成为最赚钱的部分,电子商务. 也有很多弊端,电子商务的一个主要障碍,是欺诈行为. 这就是你的个人资料(姓名,银行卡号码,年龄,国家保险号码),进入看看什么是一个安全的网站,但实际上并非如此. 这些细节可以用来偷取你,可以用来买东西在线你却全然不知,直到为时已晚. 如果这一信息是流入不法分子手中. 人们能够窃取你的身份,并承担更多的诈骗犯罪在你的名字. 终于有很多问题,与电子商务其中一些是:
不了解客户,他们为什么买,怎么买. 即使是一个产品,有良好的价值命题可以失败,如果生产者和零售商并不了解顾客的习惯,期望与动机. 电子商务可能减轻这种潜在的问题,主动与重点营销研究,就像传统的零售商可以做. 未考虑到竞争的情况. 其中可能有意愿建立一个可行的图书电子尾矿库的经营模式,但缺乏竞争能力与亚马逊河. 无法预测环境的反应. 请问竞争对手做? 他们将引入竞争品牌或网站竞争? 它们将补充其服务祭品? 他们试图破坏竞争对手的网站? 将价格战爆发? 政府会采取什么行动? 研究竞争对手,行业和市场,可以减轻一些后果,在这里,就像在非电子商贸. 高估资源的权限. 可工作人员,硬件,软件和处理过程中所提出的战略? 有电子零售商的失败开展职工和管理技能? 这些问题,可能需要彻底的资源规划和员工培训.
产品不适合电子商务,包括产品,低值-重量比,产品有嗅觉,味觉,或触摸组件,产品需要试验设备最显着的衣物和产品颜色完整看似重要的. 尽管如此,tesco.com已成功运送杂货在英国,尽管许多商品是一个通用的质量,和服装通过互联网出售的是大生意,在美国还,循环程序cheapcycle卖品在网上,而且避免了低价值-重量比的问题,创造了不同的组别,不同地区,使运输成本仍然偏低.
